《LINUX教程：搭建CnetOS6.5 x64最小化系統(tǒng)及在線yum源的配置》要點(diǎn)：
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CentOS系統(tǒng)作為紅帽系列的一款linux系統(tǒng),因?yàn)槠涿赓M(fèi)、開源,在中小企業(yè)中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,生產(chǎn)上為了更好的利用資源,都采用最小系統(tǒng)安裝,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)圖形界面都會(huì)占去系統(tǒng)資源的30%到40%,生產(chǎn)上一般都是最經(jīng)濟(jì)原則,不裝圖形界面,軟件也是必要什么裝什么,一般通過ssh連接或者xshell連接即可.本文從以下四個(gè)方面給出了CentOS系統(tǒng)的最小化安裝及在線yum源的配置.

大綱：
一、搭建CnetOS6.5x64最小化系統(tǒng).
二、ip,主機(jī)名等的相關(guān)配置.
三、當(dāng)?shù)睾驮诰€yum源的配置.
四、快照及克隆.

一、搭建CentOS6.5x64的最小體系.

? ? ?看圖,一步一步來即可

?硬盤年夜小20G 足夠用了, 即使后續(xù)不夠可,可以再添加硬盤,做成磁盤陣列也是可以的.

單個(gè)磁盤文件比多個(gè)文件好些,如果禁絕備移動(dòng),那么就用單個(gè)磁盤文件.

?

2. 啟動(dòng)虛擬機(jī)：安裝最小體系.

?

?

這個(gè)地方簡單說明一下：如果你在安裝的時(shí)候,忘記選擇某些soft repositories ,好比說：“Develop tools” 這個(gè)repository忘記安裝了,

或者你后續(xù)還想安裝別的的repositories,那么可以用yum group list 看一下：

[root@xiaolyu ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * epel: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Installed Groups:
   Base
   E-mail server
   Graphical Administration Tools
   Hardware monitoring utilities
   Legacy UNIX compatibility
   Networking Tools
   Performance Tools
   Perl Support
   Security Tools
   System administration tools
Available Groups:
   Additional Development
   Backup Client
   Backup Server
   CIFS file server
   Client management tools
   Compatibility libraries
   Console internet tools
   Debugging Tools
   Desktop
   Desktop Debugging and Performance Tools
   Desktop Platform
   Desktop Platform Development
   Development tools
   Dial-up Networking Support
   Directory Client
   Directory Server
   Eclipse
   Emacs
   FCoE Storage Client
   FTP server
   Fonts
   General Purpose Desktop
   Graphics Creation Tools
   Guest Agents
   High Availability
   High Availability Management
   Identity Management Server
   Infiniband Support
   Input Methods
   Internet Applications
   Internet Browser
   Java Platform
   KDE Desktop
   Large Systems Performance
   Legacy X Window System compatibility
   Load Balancer
   Mainframe Access
   Messaging Client Support
   MySQL Database client
   MySQL Database server
   NFS file server
   Network Infrastructure Server
   Network Storage Server
   Network file system client
   Office Suite and Productivity
   PHP Support
   PostgreSQL Database client
   PostgreSQL Database server
   Print Server
   Printing client
   Remote Desktop Clients
   Resilient Storage
   Ruby Support
   SNMP Support
   Scalable Filesystems
   Scientific support
   Server Platform
   Server Platform Development
   Smart card support
   Storage Availability Tools
   System Management
   TeX support
   Technical Writing
   TurboGears application framework
   Virtualization
   Virtualization Client
   Virtualization Platform
   Virtualization Tools
   Web Server
   Web Servlet Engine
   Web-Based Enterprise Management
   X Window System
   iSCSI Storage Client
Available Language Groups:
   Afrikaans Support [af]
   Albanian Support [sq]
   Amazigh Support [ber]
   Arabic Support [ar]
   Armenian Support [hy]
   Assamese Support [as]
   Azerbaijani Support [az]
   Basque Support [eu]
   Belarusian Support [be]
   Bengali Support [bn]
   Bhutanese Support [dz]
   Brazilian Portuguese Support [pt_BR]
   Breton Support [br]
   Bulgarian Support [bg]
   Catalan Support [ca]
   Chhattisgarhi Support [hne]
   Chichewa Support [ny]
   Chinese Support [zh]
   Coptic Support [cop]
   Croatian Support [hr]
   Czech Support [cs]
   Danish Support [da]
   Dutch Support [nl]
   English (UK) Support [en_GB]
   Esperanto Support [eo]
   Estonian Support [et]
   Ethiopic Support [am]
   Faroese Support [fo]
   Fijian Support [fj]
   Filipino Support [fil]
   Finnish Support [fi]
   French Support [fr]
   Frisian Support [fy]
   Friulian Support [fur]
   Gaelic Support [gd]
   Galician Support [gl]
   Georgian Support [ka]
   German Support [de]
   Greek Support [el]
   Gujarati Support [gu]
   Hebrew Support [he]
   Hiligaynon Support [hil]
   Hindi Support [hi]
   Hungarian Support [hu]
   Icelandic Support [is]
   Indonesian Support [id]
   Interlingua Support [ia]
   Inuktitut Support [iu]
   Irish Support [ga]
   Italian Support [it]
   Japanese Support [ja]
   Kannada Support [kn]
   Kashmiri Support [ks]
   Kashubian Support [csb]
   Kazakh Support [kk]
   Khmer Support [km]
   Kinyarwanda Support [rw]
   Konkani Support [kok]
   Korean Support [ko]
   Kurdish Support [ku]
   Lao Support [lo]
   Latin Support [la]
   Latvian Support [lv]
   Lithuanian Support [lt]
   Low Saxon Support [nds]
   Luxembourgish Support [lb]
   Macedonian Support [mk]
   Maithili Support [mai]
   Malagasy Support [mg]
   Malay Support [ms]
   Malayalam Support [ml]
   Maltese Support [mt]
   Manx Support [gv]
   Maori Support [mi]
   Marathi Support [mr]
   Mongolian Support [mn]
   Myanmar (Burmese) Support [my]
   Nepali Support [ne]
   Northern Sotho Support [nso]
   Norwegian Support [nb]
   Occitan Support [oc]
   Oriya Support [or]
   Persian Support [fa]
   Polish Support [pl]
   Portuguese Support [pt]
   Punjabi Support [pa]
   Romanian Support [ro]
   Russian Support [ru]
   Sanskrit Support [sa]
   Sardinian Support [sc]
   Serbian Support [sr]
   Sindhi Support [sd]
   Sinhala Support [si]
   Slovak Support [sk]
   Slovenian Support [sl]
   Somali Support [so]
   Southern Ndebele Support [nr]
   Southern Sotho Support [st]
   Spanish Support [es]
   Swahili Support [sw]
   Swati Support [ss]
   Swedish Support [sv]
   Tagalog Support [tl]
   Tajik Support [tg]
   Tamil Support [ta]
   Telugu Support [te]
   Tetum Support [tet]
   Thai Support [th]
   Tibetan Support [bo]
   Tsonga Support [ts]
   Tswana Support [tn]
   Turkish Support [tr]
   Turkmen Support [tk]
   Ukrainian Support [uk]
   Upper Sorbian Support [hsb]
   Urdu Support [ur]
   Uzbek Support [uz]
   Venda Support [ve]
   Vietnamese Support [vi]
   Walloon Support [wa]
   Welsh Support [cy]
   Xhosa Support [xh]
   Zulu Support [zu]
Done?

找到你希望裝的軟件組,好比：“Develop tools”, yum groupinstall "Develop tools".

假如不想用這個(gè)軟件組了,可以yum groupremove "Develop tools";

當(dāng)然了,如果yum源都沒有,那么一切都白費(fèi),所以后續(xù)會(huì)講到y(tǒng)um源的配置.

正在安裝：

?

第二步、ip,主機(jī)名等的相關(guān)設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè).

? ? 1. 先設(shè)置ip,便利進(jìn)行xshell的連接和后續(xù)的在線yum源的安裝.

? ? ? ?這里采納橋接模式：

? ? ? ?在vmware上【edit】-> 【virtual network edit】按下圖設(shè)置即可.

? ? ? ?

? ? 在我新裝的虛擬機(jī)上右鍵【setting】按下圖設(shè)置即可.

?

? ?改動(dòng)ip地址的配置文件. vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

? ?

? ?然后重啟服務(wù)： service network restart

? ?

? 看一下本機(jī)地址：ifconfig

? ?

? 看一下：宿主機(jī)的ip地址：

? ?

?然后ping 一下宿主機(jī)的ip地址和百度的網(wǎng)址測試一下表里網(wǎng)是否相通：

? ? ? ? ? ?ping 192.168.31.160

? ? ? ? ? ?ping www.baidu.com

?

?因?yàn)楸砝锞W(wǎng)已經(jīng)通了,可以連接xshell了,后續(xù)的操作便在xshell中進(jìn)行：

?

? ? 2. 清空iptables?

? ? 1)iptables -F ?清空iptables的相關(guān)配置,然后保留該配置文件.我們可以man iptables查看iptales的相關(guān)命令.這里不展開.

? ?

2)直接封閉iptables 的開機(jī)自啟動(dòng).

? ? 我們知道rhel6只要是服務(wù),都可以通過chkconfig service-name off ?來封閉開機(jī)自啟動(dòng).

? ?iptables作為可執(zhí)行文件,在/etc/init.d的目錄下,當(dāng)然可以啦.一般在該目錄下都是服務(wù),而不是一般的應(yīng)用法式.

? ?chkconfig ?iptables off?

2. 封閉selinux服務(wù).

? ? 1)查看selinux服務(wù)：

? ?

? 2)封閉selinux.修改配置文件.

? ? ? vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux

? ?

? ?檢驗(yàn)是selinux是否被關(guān)閉,必要重啟系統(tǒng)：reboot.

? 如果只是臨時(shí)封閉selinux ,可以執(zhí)行命令setenforce 0.?

? ?

? ?reboot 之后是這個(gè)樣子：

?

3.?主機(jī)名的修改以及與ip之間映射配置文件闡明

#hostname ?xxx ? 命令可以臨時(shí)修改機(jī)器名,但機(jī)器重新啟動(dòng)之后就會(huì)恢復(fù)本來的值.

#hostname ? ? ? ? ?查看主機(jī)名

#hostname -i ? ? ? 查看本機(jī)械名對(duì)應(yīng)的ip地址

vim /etc/hosts 這個(gè)文件,便是我們通常配置主機(jī)名,和主機(jī)名與ip之間映射的地方.

一般情況下hosts的內(nèi)容關(guān)于主機(jī)名(hostname)的界說,每行為一個(gè)主機(jī),每行由三部份組成,每個(gè)部份由空格隔開.

1. 第一部份：網(wǎng)絡(luò)IP地址；
2. 第二部份：主機(jī)名.域名,注意主機(jī)名和域名之間有個(gè)半角的點(diǎn),好比 mast.org；
3. 第二部份：主機(jī)名(主機(jī)名別名),其實(shí)這才是真正的主機(jī)名；

下面是我的配置文件：

把這上面這個(gè)配置文件的內(nèi)容分別寫入每臺(tái)機(jī)器的/etc/hosts內(nèi)容中,這樣這兩臺(tái)局域網(wǎng)的機(jī)器就可以通過hostname來拜訪了.后面的服務(wù)ssh 遠(yuǎn)程登錄就用到了主機(jī)名和ip地址的映射.

hostname -i ?查看本機(jī)主機(jī)名和ip地址的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系.

當(dāng)然每行也可以是兩部份,便是主機(jī)IP地址和主機(jī)名；例如 192.168.31.76 ?xiaolyu76

?

127.0.0.1 是回環(huán)地址,好比我們不想讓局域網(wǎng)的其它機(jī)器看到我們測試的網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序,就可以用回環(huán)地址來測試.?

為什么必要定義ip與主機(jī)名的映射呢?

其實(shí)理解也簡單,好比我們有三臺(tái)主機(jī),每臺(tái)做不同的事,一臺(tái)做MAIL服務(wù)器,一臺(tái)做FTP服務(wù)器,一臺(tái)做SMB服務(wù)器,所以我們就可以這樣來設(shè)計(jì)hostname；

?改動(dòng)主機(jī)名,改動(dòng)成你喜歡的主機(jī)名.

? ? ?vi /etc/sysconfig/network

? ? ?

? ? 如果想臨時(shí)改動(dòng)一下主機(jī)名,可以這樣：hostname ?host-name

? ?

三、本地和在線yum源的配置.

RedHat系列的linux,包括Fedora和CentOS,安裝軟件,最常用的無外乎：yum安裝和rpm安裝.

yum軟件安裝,因?yàn)椴槐匾蕾嚢?以及不必指出具體的軟件版本,安裝起來極為方便,因此得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用.

1. 當(dāng)?shù)貀um源的配置：

? ?因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)氐膟um源,就是我們的iso鏡像系統(tǒng)中的軟件包,因此,需要先掛在ISO鏡像文件,也即：/dev/sr0.

?

? 配置當(dāng)?shù)貀um源：

闡明：yum源的文件名以repo為后綴,這是linux中為數(shù)不多的區(qū)分后綴名的例子.

配置當(dāng)?shù)貀um源后,需要先清空yun 緩存： yum clean all?

然后天生yum列表： yum list

來我們來試試,用yum安裝一下vim ： yum install -y vim ? // -y 取消交互式安裝,不消提示.

2. 在線yum源的設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)：

?centos是不需要注冊(cè)的,所以可以獲取在線yum源,當(dāng)然了,rhel6也可以通過獲取centos的在線yun源來配置本身的yum源.

為了便于資料保存,這里給出了CentOS5,6,7的在線yum源的配置辦法.

設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)yum源

阿里云鏡像源站點(diǎn)(http://mirrors.aliyun.com/).

centos鏡像參考：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/help/centos

網(wǎng)易163開源鏡像網(wǎng)站：(http://mirrors.163.com/)

CentOS鏡像參考：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html

中科年夜開源鏡像網(wǎng)站：http://centos.ustc.edu.cn/

搜狐的Linux安裝鏡像源：http://mirrors.sohu.com/

北京都城在線科技：http://mirrors.yun-idc.com/

上面的幾個(gè)國內(nèi)的開源鏡像網(wǎng)站,一般前兩個(gè)就可以了,當(dāng)然了,最好的辦法是不同的linux虛擬機(jī)配置不同的在線yum源,通過比較最終選擇自己最滿意的yum源.

操作完全一樣.

1)、備份

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup

2)、下載新的CentOS-Base.repo 到/etc/yum.repos.d/

CentOS 5

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo ? ? http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-5.repo

CentOS 6

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo ? ?http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-6.repo

CentOS 7

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo ? ?http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo

3)、之后運(yùn)行yum makecache天生緩存.?

?

rhel 網(wǎng)絡(luò)yum源的設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)：

RHEL系統(tǒng)設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)：

?yum clean all

?yum list

?wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-6.repo

?sed -i? 's/$releasever/6.7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo? ?

?yum clean all

?yum list

3. 擴(kuò)大yum源：epel源的配置：

設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)epel源：

設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)參考：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/help/epel

Epel

1、備份(如有設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)其他epel源)

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo.backup

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo.backup

2、下載新repo 到/etc/yum.repos.d/

epel(RHEL 7)

? ? ? wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo?

epel(RHEL 6)

? ? ? wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-6.repo?? ? ?

epel(RHEL 5)

? ? ? wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-5.repo

更多詳情見請(qǐng)繼續(xù)閱讀下一頁的出色內(nèi)容：

相關(guān)問題說明：

當(dāng)配置在線yum源成功后,進(jìn)行yum clean all之后,用yum makecache生成yum緩存時(shí),報(bào)如下差錯(cuò)：

[root@xiaolyu11 network-scripts]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Determining fastest mirrors
?* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
?* epel: mirrors.aliyun.com
?* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
?* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/CentOS/6/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/6/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: (28, 'Connection time-out')
Trying other mirror.
http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/6/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/6/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: (28, 'connect() timed out!')
Trying other mirror.
Error: Cannot retrieve repository metadata (repomd.xml) for repository: base. Please verify its path and try again
[root@xiaolyu11 network-scripts]#

解決辦法：

1. 改動(dòng)DNS.添加輔助dns.

也就是ifcfg-eth0末尾添加兩行DNS配置,如果本來有8.8.8.8,那么也一定要加上8.8.4.4,這兩個(gè)地址是google提供的免費(fèi)DNS服務(wù)器的IP地址.

2. 重啟network 服務(wù)

[root@xiaolyu11 network-scripts]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.31.11
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GETWAY=192.168.31.1
DNS1=8.8.8.8
DNS2=8.8.4.4
ARPCHECK=no?

網(wǎng)卡配置文件末端添加：ARPCHECK=no

再次重啟收集服務(wù)：

3. yum makecache,勝利：

[root@xiaolyu11 network-scripts]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * epel: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                     | 3.7 kB     00:00     
base/group_gz                                                            | 226 kB     00:00     
base/filelists_db                                                        | 6.4 MB     00:06     
base/primary_db                                                          | 4.7 MB     00:04   

如果在配置在線yum源的過程中,也呈現(xiàn)關(guān)于鏡像地址問題,尤其是宿主機(jī)和虛擬機(jī)可以通信,虛擬機(jī)又可以ping www.baidu.com通常的情況下,

請(qǐng)依照上面的方面進(jìn)行解決.

四、快照和克?。?/h2>

說明快照和克隆,必需在虛擬機(jī)中,不能在xshell中進(jìn)行.

1. 快照：

?

快照比擬簡單,這里不詳細(xì)描述.

2. 克?。?/p>

首先說明：要克隆一個(gè)虛擬機(jī),必需是在虛擬機(jī)關(guān)機(jī)的情況下才可以克隆,所以克隆一個(gè)虛擬機(jī)之前,應(yīng)該先將該虛擬機(jī)關(guān)機(jī).

在VMware中選擇->【VM】->【Manage】->【clone】：

進(jìn)入如下界面：

克隆完成后,必要做的相關(guān)工作：

1)開機(jī)運(yùn)行虛擬機(jī),vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0?

? ? ?刪掉mac地址和uuid,不然的話和我本來的機(jī)器一模一樣,這個(gè)克隆機(jī)還是不能用.下次重啟的時(shí)候會(huì)自動(dòng)生成新的mac地址和uuid.

如果有ip地址,ip地址也要改動(dòng).

我這里暫時(shí)還沒有做集群,所以主機(jī)名,這里就不修改了.修改辦法見上面.

原設(shè)置裝備擺設(shè)文件：

改動(dòng)后的配置文件：

2)刪失落網(wǎng)卡.

? ?rm-rf ? /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules

?

重啟體系：reboot

有一點(diǎn)：我也很奇怪：便是為什么配置文件中沒有mac地址和uuid呢?

vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

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