《MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫MySQL 視圖的基礎(chǔ)操作(五)》要點(diǎn):
本文介紹了MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫MySQL 視圖的基礎(chǔ)操作(五),希望對(duì)您有用。如果有疑問,可以聯(lián)系我們。
1.為什么使用視圖:?
??? 為了提高復(fù)雜SQL語句的復(fù)用性和表操作的安全性(例如:工資字段不想展示給所有能查看該查詢結(jié)果的人),MySQL提供了視圖特性.所謂視圖,本質(zhì)上是一種虛擬表,其內(nèi)容與真實(shí)的表相似,包含一系列帶有名稱的列和行數(shù)據(jù).但是,視圖并不在數(shù)據(jù)庫中以存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)值的形式存在.行和列的數(shù)據(jù)來自定義視圖的查詢所引用基本表,并且在具體使用視圖時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)生成.?
視圖有如下特點(diǎn);
????? 1. 視圖的列可以來自不同的表,是表的抽象和邏輯意義上建立的新關(guān)系.
????? 2. 視圖是由基本表(實(shí)表)產(chǎn)生的表(虛表).
????? 3. 視圖的建立和刪除不影響基本表.
????? 4. 對(duì)視圖內(nèi)容的更新(添加、刪除和修改)直接影響基本表.
????? 5. 當(dāng)視圖來自多個(gè)基本表時(shí),不允許添加和刪除數(shù)據(jù).MYSQL必讀
2.創(chuàng)建視圖:?
在創(chuàng)建視圖時(shí),首先要確保擁有CREATE VIEW的權(quán)限,并且同時(shí)確保對(duì)創(chuàng)建視圖所引用的表也具有相應(yīng)的權(quán)限.?
2.1 創(chuàng)建視圖的語法形式:?
??? 雖然視圖可以被看成是一種虛擬表,但是其在物理上是不存在的,即數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)沒有專門的位置為視圖存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù).根據(jù)視圖的概念發(fā)現(xiàn)其數(shù)據(jù)來源于查詢語句,因此創(chuàng)建視圖的語法為:MYSQL必讀
CREATE VIEW view_name AS 查詢語句
//說明:和創(chuàng)建表一樣,視圖名不能和表名、也不能和其他視圖名重名.視圖的功能實(shí)際就是封裝了復(fù)雜的查詢語句.MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
use zhaojd_test; //選擇一個(gè)自己創(chuàng)建的庫 create table t_product( //創(chuàng)建表 id int primary key, pname varchar(20), price decimal(8,2) ); insert into t_product values(1,'apple',6.5); //向表中插入數(shù)據(jù) insert into t_product values(2,'orange',3); //向表中插入數(shù)據(jù) create view view_product as select id,name from t_product; //創(chuàng)建視圖 select * from view_product;
結(jié)果為:
+------+--------+
| id?? | name?? |
+------+--------+
| 1??? | apple? |
| 2??? | orange |
+------+--------+
//其實(shí)在創(chuàng)建視圖時(shí)實(shí)際代碼里寫的是一個(gè)表查詢語句,只不過把這個(gè)查詢語句封裝起來重新起了一個(gè)名字,方便可以重復(fù)使用.
//再者,安全性方面可以隱藏一些不希望看到的字段,比如這里的價(jià)格字段.
//注意:在SQL語句的命名規(guī)范中,視圖一般以view_xxx或者v_xxx的樣式來命名.視圖的查詢語句和表的查詢語句相同.MYSQL必讀
2.2 創(chuàng)建各種視圖:?
??? 由于視圖的功能實(shí)際上時(shí)封裝查詢語句,那么是不是任何形式的查詢語句都可以封裝在視圖中呢??
MYSQL必讀
2.2.1 封裝實(shí)現(xiàn)查詢常量語句的視圖(常量視圖):MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test1 as select 3.1415926; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) mysql> select * from view_test1; +-----------+ | 3.1415926 | +-----------+ | 3.1415926 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.2 封裝使用聚合函數(shù)(SUM、MIN、MAX、COUNT等)查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
示例:
首先準(zhǔn)備需要用到的兩張表及其初始化數(shù)據(jù);
MYSQL必讀
CREATE TABLE t_group( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(20) ); CREATE TABLE t_student( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NAME VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), group_id INT, FOREIGN KEY (group_id) REFERENCES t_group (id) ); //t_group表中插入數(shù)據(jù) INSERT INTO t_group (NAME) VALUES('group_1'); INSERT INTO t_group (NAME) VALUES('group_2'); INSERT INTO t_group (NAME) VALUES('group_3'); INSERT INTO t_group (NAME) VALUES('group_4'); INSERT INTO t_group (NAME) VALUES('group_5'); //t_student表中插入數(shù)據(jù) INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_1','M',1); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_2','M',1); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_3','M',2); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_4','W',2); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_5','W',2); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_6','W',2); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_7','M',3); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_8','W',4); INSERT INTO t_student (NAME,sex,group_id) VALUES('zjd_9','W',4); ================================================================ mysql> create view view_test2 as select count(name) from t_student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.71 sec) mysql> select * from view_test2; +-------------+ | count(name) | +-------------+ | 9 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
2.2.3 封裝了實(shí)現(xiàn)排序功能(ORDER BY)查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test3 as select name from t_student order by id desc; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec) mysql> select * from view_test3; +-------+ | name | +-------+ | zjd_9 | | zjd_8 | | zjd_7 | | zjd_6 | | zjd_5 | | zjd_4 | | zjd_3 | | zjd_2 | | zjd_1 | +-------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.4 封裝了實(shí)現(xiàn)表內(nèi)連接查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
示例:(第二組學(xué)生的姓名)
MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test5 as select s.name from t_student s,t_group g where s.group_id=g.id and g.id=2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) mysql> select * from view_test5; +-------+ | name | +-------+ | zjd_3 | | zjd_4 | | zjd_5 | | zjd_6 | +-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.5 封裝了實(shí)現(xiàn)表外連接(LEFT JOIN和RIGHT JOIN)查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
示例:(第二組學(xué)生姓名)
MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test6 as select s.name from t_student s left join t_group g on s.group_id=g.id where g.id=2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec) mysql> select * from view_test6; +-------+ | name | +-------+ | zjd_3 | | zjd_4 | | zjd_5 | | zjd_6 | +-------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.2.6 封裝了實(shí)現(xiàn)子查詢相關(guān)查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test7 as select s.name from t_student s where s.id in(select id from t_group); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) mysql> select * from view_test7; +-------+ | name | +-------+ | zjd_1 | | zjd_2 | | zjd_3 | | zjd_4 | | zjd_5 | +-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.7 封裝了實(shí)現(xiàn)記錄聯(lián)合(UNION和UNION ALL)查詢語句的視圖:MYSQL必讀
mysql> create view view_test8 as select id,name from t_student union all select id,name from t_group; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) mysql> select * from view_test8; +----+---------+ | id | name | +----+---------+ | 1 | zjd_1 | | 2 | zjd_2 | | 3 | zjd_3 | | 4 | zjd_4 | | 5 | zjd_5 | | 6 | zjd_6 | | 7 | zjd_7 | | 8 | zjd_8 | | 9 | zjd_9 | | 1 | group_1 | | 2 | group_2 | | 3 | group_3 | | 4 | group_4 | | 5 | group_5 | +----+---------+ 14 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.查看視圖:?
3.1 SHOW TABLES語句查看視圖名:?
執(zhí)行SHOW TABLES 語句時(shí)不僅可以顯示表的名字,同時(shí)也是顯示出視圖的名字.MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_zhaojd | +------------------+ | t_group | | t_product | | t_student | | v_product | | view_test1 | | view_test2 | | view_test3 | | view_test4 | | view_test5 | | view_test6 | | view_test8 | +------------------+ 11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
?3.2 SHOW TABLE STATUS語句查看視圖詳細(xì)信息:?
MYSQL必讀
和SHOW TABLES語句一樣,SHOW TABLE STATUS語句不僅會(huì)顯示表的詳細(xì)信息,同時(shí)也會(huì)顯示視圖的詳細(xì)信息.MYSQL必讀
語法如下:
SHOW TABLE STATUS [FROM db_name] [LIKE 'pattern']
//參數(shù)db_name用來設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)庫,SHOW TABLES STATUS表示將顯示所設(shè)置庫的表和視圖的詳細(xì)信息.
//設(shè)置LIKE關(guān)鍵字,可以查看某一個(gè)具體表或視圖的詳細(xì)信息.例如: SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM zhaojd LIKE 't_group' \G
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> show table status from zhaojd \G *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: t_group Engine: InnoDB Version: 10 Row_format: Compact Rows: 5 Avg_row_length: 3276 Data_length: 16384 Max_data_length: 0 Index_length: 0 Data_free: 7340032 Auto_increment: 6 Create_time: 2016-08-19 16:26:06 Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: utf8_general_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: ============================================================= Name: view_test8 Engine: NULL Version: NULL Row_format: NULL Rows: NULL Avg_row_length: NULL Data_length: NULL Max_data_length: NULL Index_length: NULL Data_free: NULL Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: NULL Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: NULL Checksum: NULL Create_options: NULL Comment: VIEW
3.3 SHOW CREATE VIEW語句查看視圖定義信息:MYSQL必讀
語法為:
?SHOW CREATE VIEW viewname;
?示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> show create view view_test8 \G *************************** 1. row *************************** View: view_test8 Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `view_test8` AS select `t_student`.`id` AS `id`, `t_student`.`NAME` AS `name` from `t_student` union all select `t_group`.`id` AS `id`,`t_group`.`NAME` AS `name` from `t_group` character_set_client: utf8 collation_connection: utf8_general_ci 1 row in set (0.00 sec) //根據(jù)執(zhí)行結(jié)果可以發(fā)現(xiàn),SHOW CREATE VIEW語句返回兩個(gè)字段,分別為表示視圖名的View字段和關(guān)于視圖定義的Create view字段.
3.4 DESCRIBE | DESC 語句查看視圖定義信息:MYSQL必讀
語法為:
?DESCRIBE | DESC viewname;
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> desc view_test8; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 0 | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
3.5 通過系統(tǒng)表查看視圖信息:?
當(dāng)MySQL安裝成功后,會(huì)自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫infomation_schema.在該數(shù)據(jù)庫中存在一個(gè)包含視圖信息的表格,可以通過查看表格views來查看所有視圖的相關(guān)信息.MYSQL必讀
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> use information_schema; Database changed mysql> select * from views where table_name='view_test8' \G *************************** 1. row *************************** TABLE_CATALOG: def TABLE_SCHEMA: zhaojd TABLE_NAME: view_test8 VIEW_DEFINITION: select `zhaojd`.`t_student`.`id`AS`id`,`zhaojd`.`t_student`.`NAME` AS `name` from `zhaojd`.`t_student` union all select `zhaojd`.`t_group`.`id` AS`id`,`zhaojd`.`t_group`.`NAME` AS `name` from `zhaojd`.`t_group` CHECK_OPTION: NONE IS_UPDATABLE: NO DEFINER: root@localhost SECURITY_TYPE: DEFINER CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT: utf8 COLLATION_CONNECTION: utf8_general_ci 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
4.刪除視圖:?
在刪除視圖時(shí)首先要確保擁有刪除視圖的權(quán)限.MYSQL必讀
語法為:
DROP VIEW view_name [,view_name] ......
//從語法可以看出,DROP VIEW一次可以刪除多個(gè)視圖
示例:
MYSQL必讀
mysql> use zhaojd; Database changed mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_zhaojd | +------------------+ | t_group | | t_product | | t_student | | v_product | | view_test1 | | view_test2 | | view_test3 | | view_test4 | | view_test5 | | view_test6 | | view_test8 | +------------------+ 11 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop view view_test1, view_test2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_zhaojd | +------------------+ | t_group | | t_product | | t_student | | v_product | | view_test3 | | view_test4 | | view_test5 | | view_test6 | | view_test8 | +------------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.修改視圖:?
5.1 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW語句修改視圖:?
對(duì)于已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建好的表,尤其是已經(jīng)有大量數(shù)據(jù)的表,通過先刪除,然后再按照新的表定義重新建表的方式來修改表,需要做很多額外的工作,例如數(shù)據(jù)的重載等.可是對(duì)于視圖來說,由于是“虛表”,并沒有存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),所以完全可以通過該方式來修改視圖.MYSQL必讀
實(shí)現(xiàn)思路就是:先刪除同名的視圖,然后再根據(jù)新的需求創(chuàng)建新的視圖即可.
MYSQL必讀
DROP VIEW view_name; CREATE VIEW view_name as 查詢語句;
但是如果每次修改視圖,都是先刪除視圖,然后再次創(chuàng)建一個(gè)同名的視圖,則顯得非常麻煩.于是MySQL提供了更方便的實(shí)現(xiàn)替換的創(chuàng)建視圖的語法,完整語法為:MYSQL必讀
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name as 查詢語句;MYSQL必讀
?5.2 ALTER語句修改視圖:MYSQL必讀
語法為:MYSQL必讀
ALTER VIEW?view_name as 查詢語句;MYSQL必讀
6.利用視圖操作基本表:?
再M(fèi)ySQL中可以通常視圖檢索基本表數(shù)據(jù),這是視圖最基本的應(yīng)用,除此之后還可以通過視圖修改基本表中的數(shù)據(jù).?
6.1檢索(查詢)數(shù)據(jù):?
??? 通過視圖查詢數(shù)據(jù),與通過表進(jìn)行查詢完全相同,只不過通過視圖查詢表更安全,更簡單實(shí)用.只需要把表名換成視圖名即可.?
6.2利用視圖操作基本表數(shù)據(jù):?
??? 由于視圖是“虛表”,所以對(duì)視圖數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行的更新操作,實(shí)際上是對(duì)其基本表數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行的更新操作.在具體更新視圖數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),需要注意以下兩點(diǎn);
??? 1. 對(duì)視圖數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行添加、刪除直接影響基本表.
??? 2. 視圖來自于多個(gè)基本表時(shí),不允許添加、刪除數(shù)據(jù).
??? 視圖中的添加數(shù)據(jù)操作、刪除數(shù)據(jù)操作、更新數(shù)據(jù)操作的語法同表完全相同.只是將表名換成視圖名即可.
MYSQL必讀
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